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Operation Pillar of Defense (, ''ʿAmúd ʿAnán'', literally: "Pillar of Cloud") was an eight-day Israel Defense Forces (IDF) operation in the Hamas-governed Gaza Strip, which began on 14 November 2012 with the killing of Ahmed Jabari, chief of the Gaza military wing of Hamas.〔 The operation was preceded by a period with a number of mutual Israeli–Palestinian responsive attacks.〔 According to the Israeli government, the operation began in response to the launch of over 100 rockets at Israel during a 24-hour period,〔 an attack by Gaza militants on an Israeli military patrol jeep within Israeli borders, and an explosion caused by IEDs, which occurred near Israeli soldiers, on the Israeli side of a tunnel passing under the Israeli West Bank barrier. The Israeli government stated that the aims of the military operation were to halt rocket attacks against civilian targets originating from the Gaza Strip〔 and to disrupt the capabilities of militant organizations.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Israeli air strike kills top Hamas commander Jabari )〕 The Palestinians blamed the Israeli government for the upsurge in violence, accusing the IDF of attacks on Gazan civilians in the days leading up to the operation. They cited the blockade of the Gaza Strip and the occupation of West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as the reason for rocket attacks. During the course of the operation, the IDF claimed to have struck more than 1,500 sites in the Gaza Strip, including rocket launchpads, weapon depots, government facilities, and apartment blocks. According to a UNHCR report, 174 Palestinians were killed and hundreds were wounded.〔(Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the implementation of Human Rights Council resolutions S-9/1 and S-12/1, Addendum ), 6 March 2013.〕 Many families were displaced.〔(Initial Findings: 40 of the Palestinians killed by the Israeli military up to the night of 19 Nov. were civilians, among them 19 minors. ), B'Tselem 21-11-2012〕 One airstrike killed ten members of the al-Dalu family. Some Palestinian casualties were caused by misfired Palestinian rockets landing inside the Gaza Strip. Eight Palestinians were executed by members of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades for alleged collaboration with Israel.〔(Mistaken Lull, Simple Errand, Death in Gaza ), ''New York Times'', 16 November 2012〕〔〔JODI RUDOREN. "Collaborators fall prey to both sides in Gaza ; Price of being suspected, much less convicted, can be fatal -- and gruesome." ''International Herald Tribune''. 2012〕 During the operation, Hamas, the al-Qassam Brigades and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) further intensified their rocket attacks on Israeli cities and towns, in an operation code named Operation Stones of Baked Clay ((アラビア語:حجارة سجيل), ''ḥijārat sijīl'') by the al-Qassam Brigades, firing over 1,456 rockets into Israel, and an additional 142 which fell inside Gaza itself. Palestinian militant groups used weapons including Iranian-made Fajr-5, Russian-made Grad rockets, Qassams, and mortars. Some of these weapons were fired into Rishon LeZion, Beersheba, Ashdod, Ashkelon, and other population centers. Tel Aviv was hit for the first time since the 1991 Gulf War, and rockets were fired at Jerusalem. The rockets killed three Israeli civilians in a direct hit on a home in Kiryat Malachi.〔〔〔 By the end of the operation, six Israelis had been killed, two hundred forty were injured, and more than two hundred had been treated for anxiety by Magen David Adom.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=MDA: 16 injured in South on sixth day of operation )〕〔(70 Israelis injured in rocket attacks in last 24 hours ), Jerusalem Post 15 November 2012〕 About 421 rockets were intercepted by Israel's Iron Dome missile defense system, another 142 fell on Gaza itself, 875 fell in open areas, and 58 hit urban areas in Israel.〔 A bus in Tel Aviv was bombed by an Arab-Israeli, injuring 28 civilians. Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, and other Western countries expressed support for what they considered Israel's right to defend itself, or condemned the Hamas rocket attacks on Israel.〔(Statement of MFA on Israel and the Gaza Strip ), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic 15 November 2012〕〔(Timmermans condemns rocket attacks on Israel from Gaza ), Government of the Netherlands 13 November 2012〕 Iran, Russia, Egypt, Turkey, and several other Arab and Muslim countries condemned the Israeli operation.〔 The United Nations Security Council held an emergency session on the situation, but did not reach a decision. After days of negotiations between Hamas and Israel, a ceasefire mediated by Egypt was announced on 21 November.〔(Iron Dome protects Tel Aviv as army warns of long fight ahead ), ''Times of Israel'' 17 November 2012〕 Both sides claimed victory. Israel said that it had achieved its aim of crippling Hamas's rocket-launching ability,〔(Israel dealt Hamas 'a heavy blow' and is prepared to resume offensive if need be, Netanyahu says ), Times of Israel 22-11-2012〕 while Hamas stated that Israel's option of invading Gaza had ended.〔(Gaza leader Haniyeh thanks Iran for helping make Israel ‘scream with pain' ), Times of Israel 22-11-2012〕 According to Human Rights Watch, both sides violated the laws of war during the fighting.〔〔 ==Etymology== Although the official English name of the operation is ''Pillar of Defense'', the Hebrew name translates as ''Pillar of Cloud''. Eytan Buchman, head of the IDF's North American media desk, explained that this usage refers to the Pillar of Cloud in the Bible that protected the Israelites during the Exodus and guided them to the Promised Land (). The Hebrew Bible and the New Testament elaborate on the story, specifying that the Pillar of Cloud shielded the Israelites from the Egyptians' arrows and catapults. The analogy is thus to the Israel Defense Forces, which shielded Israeli citizens from rocket attacks. Hamas labelled its actions as "Operation Stones of Shale" (Qur'an 105:4). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Operation Pillar of Defense」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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